Electronic and Digital Media Industry

Electronic and Digital Media Industry Introduction Various scientific disciplines contribute economically to the mass media evolution and growth. The mass media in turn influences the political environment as well as democracy in the modern world. The fierce competition in today economically advancing experiences forces the media to keep up its obligation of entertaining, informing and influencing people’s emotional needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic and Digital Media Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most fancied topics being crime, disaster or dangers relayed in a manner that make people perceive the reality of the dangers more intensely and thus influencing authoritarianism and intolerance in the democratic world. (Zillmann, 2002) At present, the media plays a vital role on informing people on matters pertaining politics thus highly influencing the voters’ decisions. It assists in identification of the societal problems as well as offer service to people especially for them to deliberate on matters pertaining their welfare. (Vivian, 2009, 55) The issue of uncovering errors of the leaders makes the media to be the main watchdog for the society. The societal decisions rely heavily on the assumptions that the information provided by the media is positive and right. Today’s due to the freedom accorded by the law, the media is in a position of availing the surveillance reports regarding the social developmental projects. They are in a position to identify the pertinent issues pertaining governance, provide a platform for debates as well as steer them. They can also hold the officials to account on their practices through interviews or other data collection procedures. (McQuail, 2003) One main role involves provision of the incentives to educate the society. The media is in a position of resisting any external forces that may subvert their sovereignty over involvement in the political pr ocedures. It enhances democracy and â€Å"similarly, the low-power radio and television stations enables mass communication with narrow niches within the society† (Vivian, 2009, 51) Today the advancement to the chemical and electronic technologies is a revolutionary such as the reduction of human voice, text or images to a form of binary codes or light energy for transmission. Digitization has overcome the unnecessary paperwork but not replaced it. (Vivian, 2009, 39) The core media industries of books, magazines, newspapers, sound records, television and radio are still active beside the new technologies. Currently, the mass media utilizes the advanced technology of the internet for delivery of is products across the globe. According to Vilvian (2009, 40), digitization is a technology that involves breaking and coding of messages for high capacity and speedy transfers. The internet deliveries have also influenced the text and photographic production units such as the print me dia publishers.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They use the digitized deliveries and broadcasts provide inexpensive system in both running and maintaining transmitters. It also broadens the source of information for the media content. The democratization of the mass media in communication describes the environment as turbulent for change with prescience. Today the world has graduated from the mass media communication to web media communication. Much of the control features shifts to recipient who has access to the transmissions within the network and can determine the type of information received as well as the time. As opposed to the sequential message presentation of the network television newscast, they are in a position to switch instantly from dozens or hundreds of alternative sources through the net and theoretically connect to every recipient or sender wo rldwide. (Vivian, 2009) Most scholars agree that the development of the digital technology has emerged with major effects on the distribution of content as well as the style of distribution. This is probably due to the advancement of labialization concerning media markets, competition and the need for maximizing profits. The media select stories with the sole aim of profitability more willingly than relevance. Some of the characteristics brought about by the advancements of technology in the electronic and digital media entails tendency for convergence. Different media such as the newspapers, telephony, internet or television face technological and economical merges such as the digital television on the mobile telephony technology to reach the intended client efficiently. Secondly, do the mergers by media companies cause the concentration? There is a parallel concentration regarding ownership where by several media are under same ownership and links of ownership to other company gro ups. This makes the media houses to give news from similar sources. Another characteristic involves globalization where ownership of media companies is international and news covers cross borders without special focus. Today, commercialization is a huge factor such that many companies tend to blur the distinction between advertisements, news, and entertainment in a manner that audience without much spending face marginalization. (Murmann, 2003) There are high commercial influences by the advertisers and owners concerning edition and publishing of advertisements. Lastly, there is a major effect concerning trivialization. Today people are prone to more sexual and violent scenes mostly regarding private lives of the celebrities. As opposed to the earlier scenarios, the media is avoiding the contentious issues affecting the society and the serious debates. The debates have turned to be controversial issues to provide a crush on personality that seem entertaining or attractive to viewers .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic and Digital Media Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References McQuail D (2003) Media Accountability and Freedom of Publication. Oxford University Press Murmann JP (2003) Knowledge and Competitive Advantage: The Co evolution of Firms, Technology, and National Institutions. Cambridge University Press Vivian, J.C. (2009).The Media of Mass Communication (Ninth Edition) Pearson Education Inc Zillmann D (2002) Exemplification Theory of Media Influence. In: Bryant J, Zillmann D (Eds) Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. 2nd edition. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey

Nietzsches The Use And Abuse Of History

Nietzsches The Use And Abuse Of History Between 1873 and 1876 Nietzsche published four â€Å"Untimely Meditations.†Ã‚   The second of these is the essay often referred to as â€Å"The Use and Abuse of History for Life.† (1874)   A more accurate translation of the title, though, is â€Å"On the Uses and Disadvantages of History for Life.† The Meaning of History and Life The two key terms in the title, â€Å"history† and â€Å"life† are used in a very broad way.   By â€Å"history,† Nietzsche mainly means historical knowledge of previous cultures (e.g. Greece, Rome, the Renaissance), which includes knowledge of past philosophy, literature, art, music, and so on.   But he also has in mind scholarship in general, including a commitment to strict principles of scholarly or scientific methods, and also a general historical self-awareness which continually places one’s own time and culture in relation to others that have come before. The term â€Å"life† is not clearly defined anywhere in the essay.   In one place Nietzsche describes it as â€Å"a dark driving insatiably self-desiring power,† but that doesn’t tell us much.   What he seems to have in mind most of the time, when he speaks of â€Å"life,† is something like a deep, rich, creative engagement with the world one is living in.   Here, as in all his writings, the creation of an impressive culture is of prime importance to Nietzsche.   What Nietzsche Is Opposing In the early 19th century, Hegel (1770-1831) had constructed a philosophy of history which saw the history of civilization as both the expansion of human freedom and the development of greater self-consciousness regarding the nature and meaning of history.   Hegel’s own philosophy represents the highest stage yet achieved in humanity’s self-understanding.   After Hegel, it was generally accepted that a knowledge of the past is a good thing.   In fact, the nineteenth century prided itself on being more historically informed than any previous age.   Nietzsche, however, as he loves to do, calls this widespread belief into question.   He identifies 3 approaches to history: the monumental, the antiquarian, and the critical.   Each can be used in a good way, but each has its dangers. Monumental History Monumental history focuses on examples of human greatness, individuals who â€Å"magnify the concept of man†¦.giving it a more beautiful content.†Ã‚   Nietzsche doesn’t name names, but he presumably means people like Moses, Jesus, Pericles, Socrates, Caesar, Leonardo, Goethe, Beethoven, and Napoleon.   One thing that all great individuals have in common is a cavalier willingness to risk their life and material well-being.     Such individuals can inspire us to reach for greatness ourselves.   They are an antidote to world-weariness.   But monumental history carries certain dangers.   When we view these past figures as inspirational, we may distort history by overlooking the unique circumstances that gave rise to them.   It is quite likely that no such figure could arise again since those circumstances will never occur again.   Another danger lies in the way some people treat the great achievements of the past (e.g. Greek tragedy, Renaissance painting) as canonical.   They are viewed as providing a paradigm that contemporary art should not challenge or deviate from.   When used in this way, monumental history can block the path to new and original cultural achievements. Antiquarian History Antiquarian history refers to the scholarly immersion in some past period or past culture.   This is the approach to history especially typical of academics.   It can be valuable when it helps to enhance our sense of cultural identity.   E.g. When contemporary poets acquire a deep understanding of the poetic tradition to which they belong, this enriches their own work.   They experience â€Å"the contentment of a tree with its roots.† But this approach also has potential drawbacks.   Too much immersion in the past easily leads to an undiscriminating fascination with and reverence for anything that is old, regardless of whether it is genuinely admirable or interesting.   Antiquarian history easily degenerates into mere scholarliness, where the purpose of doing history has long been forgotten.   And the reverence for the past it encourages can inhibit originality.   The cultural products of the past are seen as so wonderful that we can simply rest content with them and not try to create anything new. Critical History Critical history is almost the opposite of antiquarian history.   Instead of revering the past, one rejects it as part of the process of creating something new.   E.g. Original artistic movements are often very critical of the styles they replace (the way Romantic poets rejected the artificial diction of 18th-century poets).   The danger here, though, is that we will be unfair to the past.   In particular, we will fail to see how those very elements in past cultures that we despise were necessary; that they were among the elements that gave birth to us.   The Problems Caused by Too Much Historical Knowledge In Nietzsche’s view, his culture (and he would probably say ours too) has become bloated with too much knowledge.   And this explosion of knowledge is not serving â€Å"life†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, it is not leading to a richer, more vibrant, contemporary culture.   On the contrary. Scholars obsess over methodology and sophisticated analysis.   In doing so, they lose sight of the real purpose of their work.   Always, what matters most isn’t whether their methodology is sound, but whether what they are doing serves to enrich contemporary life and culture. Very often, instead of trying to be creative and original, educated people simply immerse themselves in relatively dry scholarly activity.   The result is that instead of having a living culture, we have merely a knowledge of culture.   Instead of really experiencing things, we take up a detached, scholarly attitude to them.   One might think here, for instance, of the difference between being transported by a painting or a musical composition, and noticing how it reflects certain influences from previous artists or composers. Halfway through the essay, Nietzsche identifies five specific disadvantages of having too much historical knowledge.   The rest of the essay is mainly an elaboration on these points.   The five drawbacks are: It creates too much of a contrast between what’s going on people’s minds and the way they live.   E.g. philosophers who immerse themselves in Stoicism no longer live like Stoics; they just live like everyone else.   The philosophy is purely theoretical. Not something to be lived.It makes us think we are more just than previous ages.   We tend to look back on previous periods as inferior to us in various ways, especially, perhaps, in the area of morality.   Modern historians pride themselves on their objectivity.   But the best kind of history isn’t the kind that is scrupulously objective in a dry scholarly sense.   The best historians work like artists to bring a previous age to life.It disrupts the instincts and hinders mature development.   In supporting this idea, Nietzsche especially complains at the way modern scholars cram themselves too quickly with too much knowledge.   The result is that they lose profundity.   Extreme specialization, a nother feature of modern scholarship, leads them away from wisdom, which requires a broader view of things. It makes us think of ourselves as inferior imitators of our predecessorsIt leads to irony and to cynicism. In explaining points 4 and 5, Nietzsche embarks on a sustained critique of Hegelianism.   The essay concludes with him expressing a hope in â€Å"youth†, by which he seems to mean those who have not yet been deformed by too much education. In the Background – Richard Wagner Nietzsche does not mention in this essay his friend at the time, the composer Richard Wagner.   But in drawing the contrast between those who merely know about culture and those who are creatively engaged with culture, he almost certainly had Wagner in mind as an exemplar of the latter type.   Nietzsche was working as a professor at the time at the University of Basle in Switzerland.  Ã‚   Basle represented historical scholarship.   Whenever he could, he would take the train to Lucerne to visit Wagner, who at the time was composing his four-opera Ring Cycle.   Wagner’s house at Tribschen represented life.   For Wagner, the creative genius who was also a man of action, fully engaged in the world, and working hard to regenerate German culture through his operas, exemplified how one could use the past (Greek tragedy, Nordic legends, Romantic classical music) in a healthy way to create something new.

Population growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Population growth - Essay Example Geometric growth can be contrasted to arithmetic growth rate, which grows in a sequence, for instance 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, .... One of the principles behind geometric growth is that the bigger a number gets, the faster it grows, this is the case with population since the larger the population becomes, more people will be available for reproduction hence the greater growth (Berlatsky, 133). For instance, a population having 500,000 people will grow five times faster than a population which has just 100, 000. From this equation, if r is greater than zero and b is greater than one, then the population will grow at exponentially, however, if r is less than zero and b is greater than one or if r is greater than one and b is between one and zero, then the population will reduce exponentially. A geometric decay curve for population would look something like this Geometric continuous time model of population growth is more realistic when it comes to determining population growth since they involve all parameters of population such as birth rates and death rate (Turchin, p96) In order to calculate the population growth rate using the continuous growth model, the following formula can be derived. If a population has Nt individuals where t is time in years, the number of children being born in a year is a fraction represented by the symbol ï  ¢ and the number of people that die in a year is a fraction that is represented by the symbol ï  §. These geometric progression equations have been used for a long time to calculate population growth rates of countries or of the world at large, for instance, the following figure show a curve of world growth rate that was calculated from the available data and backward projections of population. Geometric progression has been use in population growth and without it, calculating

International Business Management Master Essay

International Business Management Master - Essay Example "Passenger revenue" is initially recorded as a liability for sales in advance of carriage, with revenue from ticket sales recognised at the time that the Company provides the transportation. In respect of unused ticket revenue recognised, estimations are needed based on historical trends regarding liability for tickets sold but not yet processed, the timing and amount of tickets used for travel on other airlines and the amount of tickets sold that will not be used. These are used to determine the timing and amount of unused ticket revenue recognised. Changes to these estimation methods could have a material effect on the presentation of the financial results. Periodic evaluations are performed of the estimated liability for tickets sold but not yet processed. Any adjustments, which can be significant, are included in results of operations for the periods in which the evaluations are completed. These adjustments relate primarily to differences between the statistical estimation of cer tain revenue transactions and the related sales price as well as refunds, exchanges, interline transactions and other items for which final settlement occurs in periods subsequent to the sale of the related tickets at amounts other The Company's "cargo" business is operated as a contribution centre. ... This allows the maximisation the use of its scheduled route network to provide a worldwide cargo service. The management group utilises trucks to feed cargo to its major hubs in Europe and the United States. "Revenue" is recognised when the transportation service is provided. Passenger ticket and cargo waybill sales, net of discounts, are recorded as current liabilities in the 'sales in advance of carriage' account until recognised as revenue. Unused tickets are recognised as revenue using estimates regarding the timing of recognition based on the terms and conditions of the ticket and historical trends. Other revenue is recognised at the time the service is provided. Commission costs are recognised at the same time as the revenue to which they relate and are charged to cost of sales. "Employee benefits", including pensions and other post-retirement benefits (principally post-retirement healthcare benefits) are presented in these financial statements in accordance with IAS 19 - 'Employee Benefits'. For the Group's defined benefit plans, post-retirement obligations are measured at discounted present value whilst plan assets are measured at fair value at the balance sheet date. The cost of current service costs are recognised in the income statement so as to recognise the cost of providing the benefit on a straight line basis over the service lives of the employees using the projected unit credit method. Past service costs are recognised when the benefit has been given. The financing cost and expected return on plan assets are recognised within financing costs in the periods in which they arise. The accumulated effect of changes in estimates, changes in

The Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

The Middle Ages Essay The Middle Ages are a period of European history from around 476 A.D. to 1453 A.D. when society and culture declined. The middle Ages is believed to be started from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and was ended by the start of the European Renaissance. There are several key factors that led to the end of The Middle Ages other than the start of the Renaissance. The Black Plague and The Crusades undeniably led to the end of the Middle Ages because of the decrease of population from The Black Plague and the increase of foreign goods and trade from The Crusades among many other reasons. The Bubonic Plague, Black Plague, and Black Death are names for a deadly disease that killed between 75 and 200 million people in Europe. This Disease started and was carried by flees in rats on trade ships. The fleas would be transferred onto the ships cargo, which would in turn contaminate all customers. The disease was easily contagious and basically if you were in contact with anyone who had this disease in their system, you would be dead very soon . As a result of being extremely contagious it was spread very quickly and killed many people. Even though millions died, there is a silver lining. Those who survived the plague were able to move up in the European feudalistic social circle. Peasants were able to gain more powerful positions and in turn make more money. This scenario occurred in many other peoples lives and helped end The Middle Ages. The Crusades were a series of wars taking place in Asia Minor between 1095 and 1291. Pope Urban II was the first person that expressed a need for The Crusades at the Council of Clermont where he said we should invade the holy land and persecute the inhabitants who have taken over the beloved land of Jesus Christ. This was incorrect because most of the inhabitants ancestors of Jerusalem had always been there and this was their homeland. The Crusaders did not seize Jerusalem for long which is why The Crusades are often called historys greatest failure. The crusaders brutally murdered Jews and Muslims living in this area who had done nothing wrong. Most  crusaders were French peasants or serfs who wanted to escape the feudalistic social circle. If you went on The Crusades you became rich and made money. Even though The Crusades were not successful in the sense they didnt seize their homeland, it was still successful because the crusaders brought back many new things. These products were brought back to Europe and people tried to make them there which helped fix the economy in Europe. For example, soap was never used in Europe until the crusaders brought it back from the holy land. This was one of the many important things that were brought back from the holy land, which drastically helped end The Middle Ages. The Middle Ages were a 977-year period where civilization declined instead of rising. The Black Plague and Crusades helped end the Middle Ages even if they were both devastating in their own way and killed a lot of people. It is up to opinion if these two events were beneficial overall because of some of the extremely destructive results that took place however, they definitely helped end The Middle Ages.

Folic Acid Essay -- essays research papers

The New Sensation. Before you sit down to munch on your breakfast cereal or bread, you might want to take notice of a vitamin that seems to be popping up more and more in ingredients. This is being Folic Acid. The FDA is recommending that it be added to foods and that people take it in pill form every day. This is mainly because it is a key component in the never-ending battle our body fights against diseases. What is it capable of? It is proven to lower chances of birth defects, and heart attacks. The FDA has been viewing the evidence of the chances of lowering birth defects and has ordered that enriched gain products increase their amounts of folic acid. This is because it is found that most women who are pregnant do not eat enough fruits and vegetables to have the same impact as Folic acid has. The effect it has is that it decreases the chance of neural birth defects. Neural birth defects can cause death shortly after birth. It is estimated that nearly 400,000 infants have this birth complications because of this, yet it has been proven that what folic acid can do can greatly reduce the risk. Not only can this acid reduce the birth defect rate; it can also lower the chance of heart attacks in men and woman. It is believed that there is an amino acid called homocystine in most people that sometimes may get too high, when this happens it causes scarred arteries and increases the risk of heart attacks. In this articles it states that less than 12-40% of A...

Mother’s love Essay

The relationship of a daughter and mother who is kindhearted and caring towards her daughter is one of the most valuable person a child has and should take for granted. In the short story by Anna Quindlen called â€Å"Mothers† is about a nineteen year old girl who her name was never mentioned in the story. The narrative has lost her mother and is trying to accept the reality that she is gone. The nineteen-year-old girl describes her life situation as if her mother was still alive, mentioning, â€Å"taking care of the wedding arrangements, or come and stay for a week after the children were born.† The young girl is conflicted over the thought of fantasies and reality, realizing that if her mother were still alive she would have strongly bonded with her and value every single moment. The short story begins with the nineteen-year-old girl, observing two women at a corner table in the restaurant. It was an older woman with her daughter spending quality time. The narrative d escribed her-self as â€Å"kind of vest pocket†, meaning she emotional feels empty and is stuck with no were to go. The narrative was wishing she had valued that moment with her mother when she had that opportunity. The girl seemed that she holds a regret inside of her because she did not have a good relationship with her mother.